Stairway Inspection

The exterior portion of a commercial property inspection typically includes stairways, whether at the main entrance, near loading docks, or serving below-grade areas, decks, balconies, terraces, and porches. Some stairways provide general access, while others are part of the means of egress and discharge at grade to a public way.

Regardless of location or use, stairways should have the same minimum components for everyday use and emergency egress. These include treads and risers, handrails, guards, and railings. The ComSOP reporting recommendations for these components from the Appendix include documenting:

• lack of dimensional uniformity in riser height and tread depth;
• non-graspable handrails;
• handrail heights less than 34 inches (86 cm) or more than 38 inches (97 cm);
• lack of continuous handrails on both sides of stairs;
• lack of edge protection where surfaces have a drop of 30 inches (76 cm) or greater;
• guards less than 42 inches (107 cm) in height;
• guard openings that allow passage of a 4-inch (10-cm)-diameter sphere;
• open stair risers that exceed 4 inches (10.16 cm), or open risers in egress stairs; and
• openings in the triangular area between guards and stairways that exceed 6 inches (15.24 cm).

Refer to the Inspecting Stairways, Railings, and Guards at Commercial Buildings checklist for a detailed overview of inspection points.

Common Exterior Stairway Issues

The video above is from an office building inspection. Unlike interior stairways, exterior stairs are exposed to environmental conditions that can accelerate deterioration. Moisture and freeze-thaw cycles can lead to cracking and spalling of concrete, while metal components are susceptible to corrosion and wood naturally weathers over time. Deicing salts can further accelerate deterioration of both concrete and metal components. It’s important for inspectors to check not only for material defects, but also for maintenance needs that could prevent injury or a more costly remedy down the line if left unaddressed.

Common deficiencies include:

• Loose, damaged, or missing handrails, guards, or railings
• Worn, damaged, or deteriorated treads
• Uneven risers from damage, workmanship, or settlement
• Corrosion of metal components
• Cracked, chipped, or spalled concrete
• Damaged, weathered, or decayed wood
• Deteriorated coatings, sealants, or other protective finishes
• Loose or deteriorated connections
• Slip hazards from drainage issues or ponding water
• Trip hazards from construction or deterioration

To learn more about stairways and other exterior features found at commercial buildings, take the Inspecting Commercial Building Exteriors Online Course. You’ll receive a coursebook and inspection checklist and earn a certificate upon completion.